This study from Abt for New York State Energy Research and Development Authority assesses the environmental effects of Charge CCCV (C4V) LLC’s lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery production. The study’s results indicate that the C4V’s battery cell uses fewer metals and less-toxic materials than comparable lithium cell batteries. C4V’s battery cell then leads to lower global warming, acidification, smog, and energy consumption when compared to other Li-ion battery production processes. Additionally, the lifecycle fossil fuel consumption impacts of the C4V battery are about an order of magnitude smaller than comparable batteries, as described in a 2012 study from the Environmental Protection Agency.